To celebrate this monumental moment in our history, I have asked two special guests to join me in reflecting on this day when we, with one voice, inaugurate our first African-American president.
The writers with whom I share today’s blog are guys I am deeply proud to roll with. I have known Pete Ripley for sixteen years and Julian Chambliss for five. They are decent and good; smart as hell and walk the talk. I can think of no one I’d rather share this space with than these two men.
Of C. Peter Ripley’s nine published books, seven are on African-American history. He taught at several institutions, ranging from Yale University to a federal prison. In his essay “Historical Memories and Hopeful Visions,” he tracks this country’s racial struggle and his own journey toward hope.
Julian C. Chambliss is assistant professor of history at Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida. His research focuses on urban planning, race, and popular culture issues in the United States. His academic writings have appeared in Journal of Urban History, Studies in American Culture, and the Georgia Historical Quarterly. He is Co-Chair of the Social Science History Association Urban Network, a board member of the Society for City and Regional Planning History and a past-president of the Florida Conference of Historians. His essay “Obama Nation: What Does It All Mean?” provides a historical, and at times funny, perspective on what it means to us as a people and to the world at-large that we have elected to the presidency an African American.
And with that, here are our reflections on a day when Americans celebrate two things about us of which we should be very, very proud: Democracy and the election of President Barack Obama.
REFLECTIONS ON MY FATHER
By Connie May Fowler
In 1925, the great poet Langston Hughes wrote:
I, too, sing America.
I am the darker brother.
They send me to eat in the kitchen
When company comes,
But I laugh,
And eat well,
And grow strong.
Tomorrow,
I’ll be at the table
When company comes.
Nobody’ll dare
Say to me,
“Eat in the kitchen,”
Then.
Besides,
They’ll see how beautiful I am
And be ashamed –
I, too, am America.
But by 1965, the hopeful note Langston had struck had became a song of anger and despair:
What happens to a dream deferred?
Does it dry up
like a raisin in the sun
Or fester like a sore—
And then run?
Does it stink like rotten meat?
Or crust and sugar over—
Like a syrupy sweet?
Maybe it just sags
like a heavy load.
Or does it explode?
Today, America, the dream explodes but does so in the most amazing, long-prayed for manner. We are inaugurating Barack Obama, an African-American male, as our 44th President.
I am not sure that I, a woman who smiths words for a living, can fully express what this moment means to me. I am of mixed race, although I do not look like it. However, the familial stories, our class, and the neighborhoods we lived in more often than not never let me forget that I was the Other. We were desperately poor and violence was the norm in my household. So was a brand of twisted hypocrisy that haunts me to this day.
My father’s mother was Native American. His first wife who bore him two children, my half-siblings, was Minorcan. Yet my father, a rabid racist was rumored to be a member of the Klan.
I will never forget the events that took place in St. Augustine, Florida in 1964. Lincolnville was the black neighborhood, the neighborhood my father grew up in, the neighborhood where my grandmother lived, the neighborhood I thought of as home, and from there the black community organized a series of high profile displays of civil disobedience and protest called The St. Augustine Movement. Racist whites beat the black citizens, the sheriff made mass arrests of black citizens, and whites were never prosecuted. The situation had grown so desperate that by May, Martin Luther King came to town to inspire, organize, and effect change. An assassination attempt was made on his life. In addition to the crimes being committed against black citizens, reporters were harassed and beaten.
The Old Slave Market became ground zero. Blacks, along with a few white northerners, staged marches there, as did the Klan. Commenting later, SCLC march leader Dorothy Cotton said of the St. Augustine situation, “This was about the roughest city we’ve had—45 straight nights of beatings and intimidation. In church every night we’d see people sitting there with bandages on. Some would sit with shotguns between their legs. We marched regularly at night. We kept being ordered not to march, especially at night because it was so dangerous. We sang before we went out to get up our courage. The Klan was always waiting for us—these folk with the chains and bricks and things. Hoss Manucy (St. Johns County Sheriff L.O. Davis was a committed segregationist who was good and public friends with local KKK leader “Hoss” Manucy) and his gang. After we were attacked we’d come back to the church, and somehow we’d always come back bleeding, singing . . .”
On May 28, 1964, the Klan held a March at the Old Slave Market. My father put my sister, my mother, and me in the car and drove us there. He behaved as if we were going to a Fourth of July parade. He stuck a Confederate-flag-on-a-stick in my hand and told me to wave it out of the car window. I did. A CBS news crew shot footage of it. I was in the first grade. My mother, who was not a racist but who feared my father, snapped at me to put the flag down and the jeering crowd of white men who had gathered around the car urged me to keep waving it.
Less than a year later, my father was dead. My mother, having learned at the hands of my father, became more violent toward her children. What her hands could not destroy, her words did. We lived in squalor. We lived in fear. When I heard Rev. King speak, I felt as if his words were meant for me. I felt likewise about the words of folks like Rev. Joseph Lowry and Andrew Young. I thought I understood Malcolm X’s anger. And to some extent, I did.
On the night Barack Obama won the presidential nomination of the Democratic Party, I was sitting in a suite at the Casa Monica Hotel at the corner of King and Cordova, across the street from The Old Slave Market. I looked out the window, tears streaming, and realized I was gazing at the exact spot where, forty-seven years prior, I waved a flag my father was proud of. For me, it was a remarkable confluence of events.
I do not know how to wash away my father’s sins and am unsure if I will ever come to terms with his self-hatred. But I do know that this country has, for hundreds of years, needed a reckoning and a healing.
I think in Barack Obama, we have a chance for both. His multi-racial background reflects who we are as a nation. He is a symbol of what we hold most dear: that we are a melting pot whose strength is our diversity.
I do not think I have ever loved my country more than I do on this day. I will watch the inauguration and I will weep. They will be tears of hope and joy and reconciliation. But before I do that, I will go into the recesses of my closet and find the American flag that draped my father’s coffin and I will unfold it, and remember, and I will display it proudly.
Oh happy day!
HISTORICAL MEMORIES AND HOPEFUL VISIONS
By C. Peter Ripley
This moment it so filled with historical memories and hopeful visions it is difficult for me to grasp, to find a place to start, to know how to begin. But I, like so many others, cannot resist the impulse to fall into a cliché—I never thought I would live to see this day. Nor did I ever think I would live to feel the national promise that Barack Obama brings to Washington on this day.
I spent an adult lifetime researching and writing African-American history—the wickedness of the slave trade, the brutality of slavery, the jubilee of emancipation, the civil rights struggle and the decades of false proclamations and failed starts that characterizes American race relations. On one occasion, I spent 4 months in the National Archives reading federal correspondence dealing with the end of slavery and the start of emancipation after the Civil War, thousands of letters that had not been touched since they were filed away by a military clerk over a century earlier. Days passed, weeks passed, and as I read on and on I could feel myself being dragged through the sharp-edged failure of liberation and Reconstruction. I grew morose, emotional, depressed; I drank more coffee, smoked more cigarettes, did more drugs, and awoke from countless nightmares created by what I had read that day, by what anonymous black people had endured each day, and the days that followed. Our national sin.
That was in the 1960s, when the metaphoric journey from the archives to the streets was short and fierce. By then the black-led movement of the 1950s was gaining momentum and white participants. As we joined in, we learned a new song, “We Shall Overcome”, with its words of hope, of faith, of determination, a song that became both a rallying cry and a demand for national redemption. Each time we met in a church, a hall, or a home, the evening always ended with everyone standing, clasping the hand of the person on either side, swaying to and fro, and singing—promising—“We shall overcome, yes, I do believe, we shall overcome some day.” Through beatings, arrests, murders, riots, humiliations, and lost futures, the song and the movement continued. And despite our fears and uncertainty whether that day would ever come, those moments of standing hand and hand with comrades and singing that anthem are memories as fresh and sharp as any I possess today.
Yet more important than memories, those movement days gave us a set of standards, of values, by which to measure ourselves, the world around us, and our place in it–the gift of a lifetime. But that gift often led me to be harsh and judgmental—of myself, my work, my friends, my colleagues, but most of all my country. Even after the Civil Rights Bill and the Voting Rights Act, we felt that wasn’t enough, that America had betrayed its best promises to its citizens, had failed to redeem itself, had failed to overcome.
And as the drive for civil rights broadened into opposition to the War in Vietnam the anger and loss of faith could be seen in the faces at Grant Park in August 1968 during the Democratic National Convention and the next year at the Washington National Mall when over 250,000 demanded an end to the war. But the war continued, as did poverty, illiteracy, inequality, race violence, poor health care, inferior housing and schools, and on and on went our list of despair. Many of us took that national failure as our own, as a sign that we had not done enough, that we had not lived up to the pledge that “We Shall Overcome.” And worse yet, it appeared as though no one cared. The time has passed.
Our sense of failure, of leaving work undone, persisted until Barack Obama came forward leading a new generation, and renewing an older generation. He brought forth a new way of thinking and speaking about old problems, about America’s unfinished redemption. He avoided the old slogans, the old bromides, the old anger, the old frustrations. He gave us hope that he could lead us forward to change a nation; a heady thought and an unfulfilled promise—to change a nation.
For me, in my 6th decade, the look on the faces of the people once again tells the essential story. Where forty years ago the grainy black and white photos showed faces twisted with anger and disappointment, in August 2008 the faces in Grant Park on election eve and at the Mall on Sunday were joyous, hopeful, filled with the teary promise of national redemption. And when Barack Obama told that election-eve crowd, ‘I promise you, as a people, we will get there,” for the first time in my adult life I shared that teary moment of patriotic hope and optimism.
OBAMA NATION: WHAT DOES IT ALL MEAN?
By Julian C. Chambliss
Wow, President Obama is moving into the White House. It is “wow” because honestly, I didn’t think he could do it. I know, I’m African-American, I should have believed it, but I didn’t. During the eternity leading up to the election, you know back in 2006 when Hilary and a ton of other people started campaigning—I thought, like everyone, the former first lady would be the Democrat’s pick and they would lose the election. At that point, I thought to myself, I would leave the country. Now, this was profound, because I love the United States. I know, African-Americans are somehow not suppose to love the U.S., but let’s be honest; whatever stupid racist notion that pops up any given day—there is little (in recent memory at least) in the way of ethnic cleansing, honor killings, or Frenchmen to give me pause. There is racism and it runs deep in the hearts of some, but not all. There is inequality and it robs people of opportunity. There is prejudice and it injury people painfully. These are problems that are not solved by the election of a black guy (sorry African-Americans). Moreover, Obama is not Jesus. I know some people who think he is Jesus or at least Jesus-like. I’m a historian and I have studied Chicago’s political and social life and I can say with absolute certainty that no politician from Chicago can be Jesus. Not that they must be a devil, but deification is out of the question. If you remember that scene from the movie the The Untouchables—the one where Sean Connery explains to Kevin Costner’s Elliot Ness how to get Caponee—that applies to Chicago politics. He brings knife, you bring a gun—escalate and repeat.
None of that matters because Obama won and it is the dawn of a new age. As a historian, I know, “new age” is not true. On election night I realized this was a profound moment for the United States and the world. Despite, the damage done to our standing in the world over the last eight years, people still look to the United States. Obama’s victory put much of the developed world in its place—none of them can claim a racial minority elected to executive office. In the developing world, there is hope the Obama will bring . . . greater concerns for their perspective. Both shifts are profound as they open the door to a new dialogue between the United States and the rest of the world. Yet, I do not believe Obama will abandon policies that have been the benchmark for the United States for a century. We may adjust our practices—more money to African Aid (something President Bush did, but got little credit), greater effort to be seen as a honest broker in the Middle East (a position that will likely take eight years to prove and get little solved) and more cooperation with the developed world on global issues like climate change, human rights, and crime (which would be good, but the average American often doesn’t . . . care). For all the profound impact represented by an Obama presidency, the way Americans judge the man and his administration will be simple. They will look to the government to do things to make their lives easier. So, Obama will be judged by the average American by the domestic agenda he forges. That is not the stuff for the creation of a new Pax Americana. The new president inherits problems both domestic and foreign that do not offer easy solutions. Yet, despite the challenges ahead, every American seems excited and the reason seems to be linked to race.
The obvious questions at the beginning of the Obama campaign was would race matter in the election. For many Americans the answer was yes. Some could not fathom voting for a man (or woman) of color. Others, by contrast, seemed eager to embrace the symbolism represented by an African-American President. While neither side would say race-based thinking drove them, I believe race played an important part. For those who could not vote for him—they worried about his qualifications or they didn’t have a good feeling about him or the liked someone else better—very few would say they feared the world would end when an African-American was in charge. On the other hand, Obama supporters did not focus on a notion of racial ascendency. Obama, himself, made one speech on race and wisely ignored the issue. Yet, in his person and his outlook, Obama represents a shift in racial reality in the United States—a shift that does not mean a revolution, but the continual evolution of the United States based on the ideas that we hold dear. Whether you voted for Obama or not, you cannot resist feeling a sense of pride that the United States is electing a new president who represents the idea that our founding fathers talked about but failed to deliver. His election means our experiment in Democracy still means something. At the end of the day, this is a new beginning that pushed the United States forward in the hearts and minds of many people around the world. We don’t know if he will be a great president or just okay, but we do know he will be president. Wow.